WH+Unit+2

=//**unit 2:**//=

Define**: divine right of kings, attribute, restraint, common- wealth, consensus, natural rights, hypo- thetical, mutual** divine right of kings: **the doctrine that kings derive their right to rule directly from God and are not accountable to their subjects; rebellion is the worst of political crimes; "the doctrine of the divine right of kings was enunciated by the Stuarts in Britain in the 16th century ** attribute: **decide as to something belongs in a scheme ** restraint**: something that restrains, ties, fastens or secures; control or caution; reserve ** common- wealth: **normally referred to as the Commonwealth and previously as the British Commonwealth, is an intergovernmental organisation of fifty-four independent member states, all but two of which were formerly part of the British Empire. ** consensus: **general agreement and, secondly, group solidarity of belief or sentiment. ** natural rights: **rights held to be inherent in natural law, not dependent on governments. ** hypothetical: **situations, statements or questions about something imaginary rather than something real ** mutual: i**n the same way, each to the other; reciprocally; in a shared manner; equally; affecting all parties the same way **

Puritans: The **Puritans** were a significant grouping of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries. The designation "Puritan" is often incorrectly used, notably based on the assumption that hedonism and puritanism are antonyms. Protestant group as extremists similar to the Cathari of France. Puritans by definition felt that the English Reformation had not gone far enough, and that the Church of England was tolerant of practices which they associated with the Catholic Church.
 * Identify**:

Oliver Cromwell: **Oliver Cromwell** (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader best known in England for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth. Also for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland.

Charles II: Charles II (29 May 1630 OS – 6 February 1685 OS) was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Charles was popularly known as the Merrie Monarch. attempted to introduce religious freedom for Catholics and Protestant dissenters with his 1672 Royal Declaration of Indulgence. He converted to Roman Catholicism on his deathbed.

William of Orange: was a sovereign prince of orange by birth. He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy". William won the English, Scottish, and Irish crowns following the Glorious Revolution. William participated in several wars against the powerful Catholic king of France. Many Protestants heralded him as a champion of their faith.

Indentify-Elizabeth I, Charles I, James II, John Locke


 * //Part 1!://**


 * 1) List the three great political events of the late 17th century - Glorious Revolution, American Revolution and French Revolution.
 * 2) What principle did the Glorious Revolution introduce?- The king must bow to the representative body in a nation.
 * 3) What could happen to an individual who questioned a monarch?- Put to death.
 * 4) What quote is attributed to King Louis XIV? What do you think he meant by saying it?- "I am the state" I think it meant that what he says, goes. He didn't even talk to his subjects or nobles about anything, he just did.

Who ruled England from 1485 to 1603? -They were governed by the Tudors. Also including King Henry VII and Queen Elizabeth I

Describe the "Act of Supremacy." - The Act of Supremacy was a law where the king was declared the only supreme head on Earth for the church of England. He was angered the pope would not do his request for a divorce so he had the parliament pass this.

Why did Elizabeth have to work so hard on religious conflicts? -Her half sister Mary had made things worst when she passed a law to favorite Catholicism during her 5 year reign.

List 5 issues that the puritans had and wanted corrected in the Anglican church? -Spirituel things at church, independent of the government, elect there own minister, challenge the queens power, Prayer book

What was a major conflict between parliament and James I? -thought he should be able to rule without any restraints.

What event started the 11 year tyranny? What were the Years of the tyranny? -Locked the doors of the parliament.

When did the English Revolution begin? -22 august, 1642 The english revolution was between what two groups? (list who each group supported) - Supporters of the King- Royalists Supporters of the parliament- Roundheads

What was the reaction of Europe when Charles I was executed? -They were horrified, especially the members of the ruling classes. What was the "rump Parliament?" - 50-60 members who decided to put Charles I to death What was the "Exclusion Bill" and why was it passed? What were the results? -Literally created to keep Charles the II out. The bill passed saying you can not be king if you are catholic. Creates two political parties.

When did parlament offer the throne to William and Mary? What was the condition? - In 1689, they were offered the throne if they would accept the bill of right and swear that their kids would be protestant.

What was the Toleration Act of 1689 and what did it do? (you may need to go to wikipedia) - An act that granted Puritans but not Catholics the right to free public worship. After this, very few english citizens were ever again killed because of religion.

Who was John Locke and what did he write in his Two Treatises of Government? - John Lock was inspired by the english struggles in the 1600s to write two treatises of government. It criticized absolutism and defended the Glorious Revolution.

Summarize Locke's Natural Rights/Social Contract theory. (Use wikipedia) The government would protect the rights of the people and the people would act reasonably to the government.

Which revolutions used Locke's ideas? - American and French.

=**Part 2:** =
 * philosophe- were the intellectuals of the 18th century Enlightenment.Kishlansky, Mark, et al. A Brief History of Western Civilization **


 * evidence- stand as proof of; show by one's behavior, attitude, or external attributes **


 * affect- have an emotional or cognitive impact upon **


 * deism- <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation **


 * separation of powers- <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">also known as trias politica, is a model for the governance of democratic states. **


 * concept- <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">an abstract or general idea inferred or derived from specific instances **


 * social contract- a<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">n implicit agreement among people that results in the organization of society **


 * laissez-faire- <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">allowing industry to be free of state intervention, especially restrictions in the form of tariffs and government monopolies **


 * salon- <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">a shop where hairdressers and beauticians work **

Identify:

====Mary Wollstonecraft- 1) was an eighteenth-century <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #0645ad; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|British] writer, <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #0645ad; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|philosopher], and advocate of <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #0645ad; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|women's rights]. 2) he wrote novels, treatises, a <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #0645ad; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|travel narrative], a history of the <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #0645ad; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|French Revolution] , a <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #0645ad; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|conduct book] , and a children's book. 3) best known for //<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #0645ad; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|A Vindication of the Rights of Woman] // (1792), in which she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men 4) married the philosopher <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #0645ad; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|William Godwin], one of the forefathers of the <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #0645ad; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|anarchist] movement. 5) After Wollstonecraft's death, her widower published a //<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #0645ad; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|Memoir] // (1798) of her life, revealing her unorthodox lifestyle ====

====<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">**Denis Diderot-** 1) (October 5, 1713 – July 31, 1784) <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">2) a <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #0645ad; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|French] philosopher, art critic, and writer <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">3) a prominent figure during the <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #0645ad; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|Enlightenment] <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">4) is best-known for serving as co-founder and chief editor of and contributor to the //<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #0645ad; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|Encyclopédie] //. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">5) contributed to literature, notably with //<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #0645ad; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|Jacques le fataliste et son maître] // ====

==== <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">C**esare Beccaria-** 1) (March 15, 1738 – November 28, 1794) <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">2) was an <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #0645ad; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|Italian] [|philosopher] and <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #0645ad; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|politician] best known for his treatise <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #0645ad; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|//On Crimes and Punishments//]  ==== ====<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">3) which condemned <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #0645ad; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|torture] and the <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #0645ad; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|death penalty], and was a founding work in the field of <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #0645ad; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|penology]. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">4) He was born in <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #0645ad; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|Milanon] March 15, 1738 and educated in the <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #0645ad; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|Jesuit] college at <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #0645ad; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|Parma]. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">5) showed a great aptitude for <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #0645ad; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|mathematics], but the study of <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #0645ad; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none;">[|Montesquieu] redirected his attention towards <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">economics. ====

[[image:deck7a172efddea4eb11052dc8e6a620b0639d3ab143.jpg width="260" height="375"]][[image:deck141ddb6256b601d6fa1d8ead19f943be9d43e190.jpg width="260" height="375"]]
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QUESTIONS **1**

 * 1) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">What types of people made up the philosophers?- - writers, professors, journalists, economists and social reformers.
 * 2) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Name two heros of the enlightenment?Issac Newton and John Locke.
 * 3) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">What did John Lock say about people's mind when they were born?-That their minds were blank.
 * 4) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Where was the enlightenment centered?-Paris.
 * 5) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">What were the major themes of the enlightenment? Reason,Natural Law, Hope and Progress.

=<span style="font-size: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**Questions 2** = 6 - What was Voltaire's real name?--Francois-Marie Arouet

7 - What is the difference between "affected" and "effected"? Affected is when something happens and all the emotions and feelings you have about it, and effected is something happens and it bothers you or bugs you it's the effect it has.

8 - Why did Voltaire oppose the Catholic Church? It supported absolutism.

9 - Montesquieu was the first? Political Scientist.

10 - What were the three governments Montesquieu identified? 1)Republics suitable for small states. 2)Despotism appropriate for large states. 3)Monarchies ideal for moderate-sized states.

11 - Montesquieu thought there should be a " _ of powers" which means? Separation of powers,in which the executive,legislative, and judiciary placed limits and controls on each other.

12 - What american document has Montesquieu's ideas? United States Constitution.

=<span style="font-size: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**Questions 3** =

13 - How did Rousseau make a living in his early life? By holding odd jobs.

14 - Rousseau believed in a " contract". social contract

15 - Under Rousseau's theory "the general will.___" represent what is good for the entire community.

16 - What did Rousseau believe about education? Should foster not restrict childrens natural instincts.

17 - What did Rousseau think about the roll of women? Naturally different from men.They should learn obedience and nurturing skills so they could care for their husbands and children.

=<span style="font-size: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">Questions 4 =

18 - Briefly describe the philosophes and the physiocrats. Philosophes believed the could use the scientific method to study society. Physiocrats were founders of the social science of economics.

19 - According to smith, what were the three basic rolls of government? 1)Protecting society from invasion(the army) 2)Keeping up certain public works 3)Defending the citizens of injustice(the cops)

20 - Briefly outline the effect of enlightenment thinking on punishments for crime? Felt that extreme punishments were necessary to defer crime because there police forces were week.

= QUESTIONS 5 = = 21 - What was a major weapon for philosophes, who wrote it, and when? = -1751-1752 Denis Dederot published a 28 volume encyclopedia or dictionary of the science, arts, and trades.

= 22 - List the three main ways enlightenment ideas were spread? = = - The encyclopedia, magazines and the saloon. = = 23 - Provide a basic biography of Marie-Therese de Geoffrin. (Use wikipedia) = = - Was one of the leading female figures in the enlightenment. She demonstrated qualities of politeness and civility. = = 24 - Who wrote the Declaration of Independence and who was a major influence on him? = - Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence. He and James madison were both attracted to the thinking of John Lock.

=<span style="font-size: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**Part 3** =

colony- a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country.
 * Define**:

Stamp Act- an act of the British Parliament in 1756 that exacted revenue from the American colonies by imposing a stamp duty on newspapers and legal and commercial documents

tension- the state of being stretched tight

correspondence- a close similarity, connection, or equivalence

Declaration of Independence- a document declaring the U.S. to be independent of the British Crown, signed on July 4, 1776, by the congressional representatives of the Thirteen Colonies, including Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams.

Articles of Confederation- the original constitution of the U.S., ratified in 1781, which was replaced by the U.S. Constitution in 1789.

federal system- a political concept in which a group of members are bound together by covenant

amendments- a minor change in a document.

Bill of Rights- a statement of the rights of a class of people, in particular

assembly- a group of people gathered together in one place for a common purpose

**Identify**: George Washington: 1)Lived through February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799. 2)w as the dominant military and political leader of the new United States of America from 1775 to 1797 3) leading the American victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War 4) first President of the United States (1789–1797) 5) he developed the forms and rituals of government that have been used ever since, such as using a cabinet system and delivering an inaugural address. The president built a strong, well-financed national government that avoided war

Thomas Jefferson: 1)Lived through April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826. 2) was the third President of the United States (1801–1809) 3) one of the most influential Founding Fathers 4) author of the Declaration of Independence 5) was a man of the Enlightenment and knew many intellectual leaders in Britain and France

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-decoration: none;">Why did Britain establish colonies in North America? -to supply raw materials to Britain and to be a market for british goods.

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-decoration: none;">What effect did Parliament have on the legislatures of the American colonies? -The parliament was in charge of them but the colonies set up their own legislatures.

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-decoration: none;">How did each of the 13 colonial legislatures function? - Like a miniature parliament.

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-decoration: none;">What was the reason for war with the French in North America? -They were fighting for control of America, but more importantly, control of the Ohio River Valley

Why did the British want new revenues from the colonies after the Seven Years’ War? - TO pay for war costs and to cover the money needed to maintain their army.

What did the stap act of 1765 require? - That certain printed materials like newspaper, legal documents and stuff carry a stamp showing that the tax has been paid to Britain.

What types of goods did parliament pass new taxes on? - on non-british goods.

What did the Stamp Act require? - That certain printed materials like newspaper, legal documents and stuff carry a stamp showing that the tax has been paid to Britain.

How did colonists avoid paying taxes on non-British imports? -They started to smuggle them.

Why did the colonists disapprove of the Declaratory Act? - Because they didn't want the Parliament to tax and make decisions for their colonies.

Describe the Boston Tea Party? -The colonists had had enough of being bossed around. In December 1773, colonists decided to board one of the ships and dump over 342 chests of tea into the harbor sending a drastically angry message out.

What was the Boston Massacre ? (use wikipedia) -was an incident that led to the deaths of five civilians at the hands of <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; url(http: //www.wikispaces.com/i/a.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">[|British troops] on March 5, 1770

What were the British looking for in Concord and Lexington? - they went to seize the arms and supplies of militias.

What did Thomas Paine argue in Common Sense? -That both parliament and King George were acting like tyrants and complete independence for Britain was necessary.

Who was the commander of the continental army? - George Washington.

Who were the loyalist? - colonists who wanted to remain loyal british citizens.

What ideas of John Locke did Jefferson express in the Declaration of Independence? - the colonies to be "free and independent states absolved from all allegiance to the british crown.

What did the 1783 Treaty of Paris recognize, and what did it grant the Americans? -The independence of the American colonies and granted them control of the western territory.

What other country(s) supported the colonies during the revolution? -The French supported the Americans in a very high way.

Who was the general of the British troops that surrendered at Yorktown? -General Cornwallis

What is the federal system? -Which power would be shared between the national government and the state government.

What was the document that first organized the colonies? -Articles of Confederation.

Who were the framers? - The writers of the constitution that used Montesquieu's ideas and divided the government into three branches.

Who's ideas did they use to create the new government? -Montesquieu's

Why did many colonists demand a Bill of Rights be added to the Constitution? -They wanted to be sure there were written guarantees defining the limits of the government and rights of each individual.

How many amendments were in the Bill of Rights? -10

What documents influenced the Bill of Rights? -The Natural Rights Theory of the Enlightenment had the biggest effect.

What geographic area was influenced by events in the colonies? - France, Latin America, Africa, Southeast Asia, Russia, China.

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